Management practices and behaviors

Presentation In each association, the profitability of representatives is altogether controlled by the organization’s capacity to persuade them. So as to inspire their representatives successfully, it is significant for an association to utilize the proper administration practices and practices. The executives practices and practices is one of the most fitting instruments which can be utilized to expand the employee’s efficiency and improving worker spirit and commitment.Advertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on Management practices and practices explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Motivation can be characterized as the arrangement of reasons which influences one’s choices to connect with themselves specifically practices. At the point when representatives are propelled, they will turn out to be progressively dedicated to their separate obligations since they accept their difficult work is perceived. They will be inspired t o work more diligently so as to boost the profits of an association. At the point when their endeavors are perceived, workers will get a feeling of personality with an association. They will by one way or another have feeling of responsibility for firm. Thus, they will be resolved to meet the hierarchical objectives. Over the long haul, the organization’s benefit will increment because of the expanded representative profitability. In spite of these points of interest of representative inspiration, the procedure is looked by various issues. These issues have fundamentally influenced the accomplishment of employees’ inspiration. For example, all together for any association to have an effective representative inspiration process, it needs to allot a significant measure of cash. It will cost an association to purchase presents for the representatives or to complete any impetus so as to propel them to work more earnestly. As a rule, it turns out to be extremely hard to gau ge the profits which a specific representative inspiration practice will bring to an association. For instance, what amount will an association gain for each unit of assets apportioned to representative inspiration? This inquiry achieves contentions in an organization’s endeavors to inspire its workers. Writing Review In each association, the significant worry of the administration is to arrange the creation factors so that they contribute fundamentally in acknowledgment of the hierarchical objectives. In an association, we have non human components like hardware which encourage the procedure of creation. The exhibition of such factors relies upon the presentation of the workers. Thusly, inspiration of the laborers is critical in improving the general execution of an association. The presentation of the laborers, be that as it may, will be dictated by the inspiration they get just as their capacity to play out specific undertakings (Scribd, not dated: 3).Advertising Looking f or research paper on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In many cases, numerous associations wind up in various issues exuding from its workers. Individuals can be excessively intricate and they can likewise be straightforward. Thusly, it is significant for the administration to understand this reality so as to think of the accepted procedures in its endeavors to deal with its human variables. Representative inspiration influences the profitability of workers in four measurements. That is, exertion, ingenuity, bearing and objectives (Scribd, not dated: 4). Exertion alludes to the qualities of a worker in the business related practices. Then again, industriousness alludes to the assurance which employee’s show in applying exertion to their work and obligations. Bearing alludes to the nature of the worker’s conduct related into how they behave in completing their obligations or assignments. At long last, objectives allude to the closures through which the laborers direct their endeavors (Scribd, not dated: 5). It has been discovered that inspiration causes objective situated practices (Scribd, not dated: 8). At the point when an individual encounters an inclination for a need, this inclination creates a urge that the person in question misses something. Subsequently, the inclination that he has something missing produces a great deal of pressure in their brain. So as to fulfill these requirements, workers wind up drawing in themselves in objective guided practices to fulfill their necessities. These practices where the workers connect with themselves in are objective coordinated. These practices increment their profitability henceforth altogether improving the presentation of an association. By drawing in themselves in objective arranged practices, representatives figure out how to satisfy their objectives and, along these lines, prevail in their endeavors to satisfy their requirements (Scribd, not dated: 5). This helps workers in beating their pressure. In any case, the satisfaction of these necessities require the nearness of a good situation. In any case the procedure will be less compelling. Objective arranged conduct among the representative is consistent in light of the fact that when one need is fulfilled, it creates another need. In this manner, worker inspiration is huge in acknowledgment of association long haul and momentary objectives. Significance of applying employees’ inspiration standard There are a few reasons why it is critical to propel workers in each organization.Advertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on Management practices and practices explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Employees’ inspiration is one of the central point which decide an organization’s upper hand. At the point when an association spurs its representatives, they improve their efficiency. Consequen tly, an association can create more and spend less. At the end of the day, an organization can diminish its creation costs. In this manner, it will be simple for an association to sell its items at a lower cost and still hold its gainfulness. Inspiration can likewise be seen as the way to execution improvement and advancement. Persuaded representatives record a better contrasted with different workers (Scribd, not dated: 10). At the point when representatives get inspiration through different strategies, they will work near their capacities. In any case, without any inspiration, representative execution will in general veer off away from their abilities. High representative execution advances productivity of an association and in this manner associations need to persuade their workers. Another significance of propelling workers is to keep up an elevated level of representative turnover. An association which as often as possible inspires their representatives much of the time encount ers insignificant instances of worker truancy. Associations figure out how to evade issues which are connected with representative non-attendance like deficiencies, delays and different bothers. An association additionally figures out how to boost on usage of its human elements. Representative inspiration likewise lessens the odds of laborers dismissing hierarchical changes. Inspired workers are increasingly responsive to authoritative changes contrasted and unmotivated representatives (Scribd, not dated: 5). Changes in associations are significant particularly in the current business which is portrayed by an elevated level of rivalry. In such condition, an association is compelled to grasp changes with time. In any case, representatives will in general restrict these progressions when they are presented in the association. This is because of the modifications that are related with such changes which influence them. Inspired workers will bolster these progressions and even draw in t hemselves in their usage. This advances different exercises in associations. Maslow’s Theory This hypothesis orders human needs into various levels. There are a few levels which are more essential than others. The fulfillment of these necessities can fundamentally influence the exhibition of a person in an organization.Advertising Searching for research paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More One of the primary needs that a worker needs to get in an association is security. Workers should be ensured of their professional stability so as to advance their dedication in their errands (Huber 2006: 486). Workers should be given wellbeing and security needs so as to be inspired to enhance their creation. As such, absence of work security demoralizes representatives from investing energy in their obligations. They can't effectively be submitted for the accomplishment of the association. For example, they won't have any motivating force to lead research which has long haul impacts on an association. Representatives should be liberated from any feelings of dread and any type of hardship of their physiological needs (Wahba and Bridwell 1976: 230).The administration should utilize the correct language to the workers which doesn't undermine the permanency of a representative situation in an association. They should feel esteemed as a significant piece of an association. There are a f ew things which should be possible so as to meet these essential needs which are vital for employee’s inspiration. For example, bosses must guarantee the representatives on the security of their business. This will urge representatives to work more diligently for the achievement of their association. In the event that workers are not ensured on their security on an association, they will have exceptionally low motivating force to advance. The anticipation hypothesis The hope hypothesis specifies that representatives will in general work harder on the off chance that they accept that difficult work will prompt better execution and that better execution will prompt prizes (DuBrin 2008: 389). As it were, this hypothesis shows that prizes can altogether influence the exhibition of representatives. One of the routes through which workers can be remunerated is through installment. Representatives can be urged to invest more energy in their separate regions in the event that they ar e remunerated with a decent installment. Something else, representatives will be discou

History Of Math Essay Example For Students

History Of Math Essay Science, investigation of connections among amounts, extents, and properties and of intelligent activities by which obscure amounts, sizes, and properties might be found. Before, science was viewed as the study of amount, regardless of whether of sizes, as in geometry, or of numbers, as in math, or of the speculation of these two fields, as in variable based math. Close to the center of the nineteenth century, in any case, arithmetic came to be viewed progressively as the study of relations, or as the science that makes essential inferences. This last view incorporates scientific or representative rationale, the study of utilizing images to give an accurate hypothesis of sensible reasoning and surmising dependent on definitions, maxims, proposes, and controls for consolidating and changing crude components into progressively complex relations and hypotheses. This concise review of the historical backdrop of arithmetic follows the development of numerical thoughts and ideas, starting in ancient times. In reality, arithmetic is close to as old as mankind itself; proof of a feeling of geometry and enthusiasm for geometric example has been found in the structures of ancient ceramics and materials and in cavern works of art. Crude checking frameworks were very likely dependent on utilizing the fingers of one or two hands, as confirm by the transcendence of the numbers 5 and 10 as the bases for most number frameworks today. Antiquated Mathematics The most punctual records of cutting edge, sorted out science go back to the old Mesopotamian nation of Babylonia and to Egypt of the third thousand years BC. There science was commanded by number juggling, with an accentuation on estimation and count in geometry and with no hint of later scientific ideas, for example, maxims or confirmations. The most punctual Egyptian writings, created around 1800 BC, uncover a decimal numeration framework with independent images for the progressive forces of 10 (1, 10, 100, etc), similarly as in the framework utilized by the Romans. Numbers were spoken to by recording the image for 1, 10, 100, etc the same number of times as the unit was in a given number. For instance, the image for 1 was composed multiple times to speak to the number 5, the image for 10 was composed multiple times to speak to the number 60, and the image for 100 was composed multiple times to speak to the number 300. Together, these images spoke to the number 365. Option was finished by totaling independently the units-10s, 100s, etc in the numbers to be included. Increase depended on progressive doublings, and division depended on the converse of this procedure. The Egyptians utilized wholes of unit divisions (an), enhanced by the part B, to communicate every single other portion. For instance, the portion E was the entirety of the parts 3 and *. Utilizing this framework, the Egyptians had the option to take care of all issues of math that included portions, just as some rudimentary issues in polynomial math. In geometry, the Egyptians determined the right territories of triangles, square shapes, and trapezoids and the volumes of figures, for example, blocks, chambers, and pyramids. To discover the territory of a circle, the Egyptians utilized the square on U of the distance across of the circle, an estimation of about 3.16-near the estimation of the proportion known as pi, which is about 3.14. The Babylonian arrangement of numeration was very unique in relation to the Egyptian framework. In the Babylonian framework which, when utilizing dirt tablets, comprised of different wedge-molded imprints a solitary wedge showed 1 and an arrowlike wedge represented 10 (see table). Numbers up through 59 were framed from these images through an added substance process, as in Egyptian science. The number 60, in any case, was spoken to by a similar image as 1, and starting here on a positional image was utilized. That is, the estimation of one of the initial 59 numerals relied consequently upon its situation in the absolute numeral. For instance, a numeral comprising of an image for 2 followed by one for 27 and closure in one for 10 represented 2 ? 602 + 27 ? 60 + 10. This rule was reached out to the portrayal of parts too, so the above succession of numbers could similarly well speak to 2 ? 60 + 27 + 10 ? (†), or 2 + 27 ? (†) + 10 ? (†-2). With this sexagesimal framework (base 60), as it is called, the Babylonians had as helpful a numerical framework as the 10-based framework. The Babylonians in time built up an advanced arithmetic by which they could locate the positive underlying foundations of any quadratic condition (Equation). They could even discover the foundations of certain cubic conditions. The Babylonians had an assortment of tables, including tables for duplication and division, tables of squares, and tables of progressive accrual. They could take care of confused issues utilizing the Pythagorean hypothesis; one of their tables contains number answers for the Pythagorean condition, a2 + b2 = c2, masterminded so that c2/a2 diminishes consistently from 2 to about J. The Babylonians had the option to aggregate number-crunching and some geometric movements, just as successions of squares. They likewise showed up at a decent guess for ?. In geometry, they determined the zones of square shapes, triangles, and trapezoids, just as the volumes of basic shapes, for example, blocks and chambers. Notwithstanding, the Babylonians didn't show up at the right equation for the volume of a pyramid. Greek Mathematics The Greeks received components of arithmetic from both the Babylonians and the Egyptians. The new component in Greek science, be that as it may, was the innovation of a theoretical arithmetic established on a sensible structure of definitions, adages, and evidences. As indicated by later Greek records, this improvement started in the sixth century BC with Thales of Miletus and Pythagoras of Samos, the last a strict pioneer who trained the significance of contemplating numbers so as to comprehend the world. A portion of his supporters made significant disclosures about the hypothesis of numbers and geometry, which were all credited to Pythagoras. In the fifth century BC, a portion of the extraordinary geometers were the atomist savant Democritus of Abdera, who found the right recipe for the volume of a pyramid, and Hippocrates of Chios, who found that the regions of bow formed figures limited by bends of circles are equivalent to zones of specific triangles. This disclosure is identified with the popular issue of figuring out the circle-that is, building a square equivalent in territory to a given circle. Two different popular scientific issues that began during the century were those of trisecting a point and multiplying a 3D square that is, building a 3D shape the volume of which is twofold that of a given 3D square. These issues were tackled, and in an assortment of ways, all including the utilization of instruments more convoluted than a straightedge and a geometrical compass. Not until the nineteenth century, in any case, was it indicated that the three issues referenced above would never have been comprehended utilizing those instruments alone. In the last piece of the fifth century BC, an obscure mathematician found that no unit of length would gauge both the side and corner to corner of a square. That is, the two lengths are incommensurable. This implies no checking numbers n and m exist whose proportion communicates the relationship of the side to the corner to corner. Since the Greeks considered just the tallying numbers (1, 2, 3, etc) as numbers, they had no numerical method to communicate this proportion of inclining to side. (This proportion, ?, would today be called nonsensical.) As an outcome the Pythagorean hypothesis of proportion, in light of numbers, must be deserted and another, nonnumerical hypothesis presented. This was finished by the fourth century BC mathematician Eudoxus of Cnidus, whose arrangement might be found in the Elements of Euclid. Eudoxus likewise found a technique for thoroughly demonstrating explanations about territories and volumes by progressive approximations. Euclid was a mathematician and instructor who worked at the acclaimed Museum of Alexandria and who likewise composed on optics, space science, and music. The 13 books that make up his Elements contain a great part of the essential scientific information found up to the finish of the fourth century BC on the geometry of polygons and the circle, the hypothesis of numbers, the hypothesis of incommensurables, strong geometry, and the basic hypothesis of territories and volumes. The century that followed Euclid was set apart by numerical splendor, as showed underway of Archimedes of Syracuse and a more youthful contemporary, Apollonius of Perga. Archimedes utilized a strategy for disclosure, in light of hypothetically weighing vastly slim cuts of figures, to discover the zones and volumes of figures emerging from the conic segments. These conic segments had been found by a student of Eudoxus named Menaechmus, and they were the subject of a treatise by Euclid, yet Archimedes compositions on them are the soonest to endure. Archimedes likewise explored focuses of gravity and the soundness of different solids gliding in water. A lot of his work is a piece of the convention that drove, in the seventeenth century, to the revelation of the analytics. Archimedes was slaughtered by a Roman warrior during the sack of Syracuse. His more youthful contemporary, Apollonius, delivered an eight-book treatise on the conic segments that built up the names of the areas: oval, parabola, and hyperbola. It additionally gave the fundamental treatment of their geometry until the hour of the French thinker and researcher Ren? Descartes in the seventeenth century. After Euclid, Archimedes, and Apollonius, Greece created no geometers of similar height. The works of Hero of Alexandria in the first century AD show how components of both the Babylonian and Egyptian mensurational, number-crunching customs made due close by the sensible structures of the incredible geometers. Especially in a similar custom, however worried about considerably more troublesome issues, are the books of Diophantus of Alexandria in the third century AD. They manage discovering discerning answers for sorts of issues that lead promptly to conditions in a few questions. Such equatio

Writing For Transfer College Essay Examples - How to Avoid Major Errors

Writing For Transfer College Essay Examples - How to Avoid Major ErrorsIf you want to impress your English composition professor this semester, your best bet is to get as many transfer college essay samples as possible and start writing your papers. Don't worry, your instructor will be impressed, too, but your reputation will suffer if you don't put your best foot forward in class.English classes are notoriously difficult and most students do not understand that it takes time to develop a strong curriculum. Some students make the mistake of cramming for tests. They do this because they believe that the more they write the better they will do on the final exam.It is hard enough to write in high school experience. This does not mean that you should write like a high school student, either. It is always helpful to write like an adult. If you are unsure about what style to use, here are some tips.An intelligent person will have a question in mind when beginning a sentence. A way to answe r the question is to begin the sentence with an exclamation or other word indicating that the question has been answered. This shows your professor that you have thought about the question and have taken some steps to answer it.If you do not know the exact meaning of a word, then you should look up the definition online before reading a book or doing research in English. This will help you to understand what you are reading and make sure that you are not misusing a word.The second method of avoiding writer's mistakes is to think about the subject you are writing about and how to put it into words. For example, if you are writing a paper about something you saw at the circus, do not assume that you can write about the various tricks of the trade, such as juggling rings and waving a club around in the air.In the early stages of writing, remember that everything is vague. You need to use just a few key words that are clearly defined. Make sure that you only use the words that you need to describe the subject matter in the essay.These are some of the most important steps you can take to avoid the major mistakes most students make when writing their papers. And while we all want to succeed academically, not every single day can be spent studying, so it is good to consider other ways to show that you have taken your education seriously.

Should Intelligent Design Be Taught in Public Schools

Ever since Charles Darwins The Origin of Species was published in 1859, the theory of evolution by natural selection has been the dominant explanation for biodiversity. It fits the evidence better than any other theory and is overwhelmingly accepted by biologists. It is impossible to understand genetics, microbiology, zoology, or any number of other biology subspecialties without a solid background in evolutionary theory. The Problem of the Bible and Evolution But evolution also challenges religious beliefs. The Bible, which teaches that the visible universe was created by Gods command over a period of six days, contradicts evolutionary theory. This account, if interpreted literally, makes scientific literacy difficult. Plants, for example, are created before sunlight is created (Genesis 1:11-12; 1:16-18), which means that a literalistic biblical approach to science must challenge the idea of photosynthesis. Stars are created prior to the sun and moon (1:14-15, 1:16-18), which means that a literalistic biblical approach to science must challenge our working cosmological model. And of course, if God created all creatures by command (Genesis 1:20-27), land animals before sea animals, then evolution by natural selection and the story it tells becomes a controversial idea. While many people of faith have been able to reconcile the ideas of literal creation and evolution by natural selection, thinkers on both sides of the debate press the idea that this reconciliation is impossible. Secular philosopher Daniel Dennett, author of Darwins Dangerous Idea, has argued that evolution by natural selection renders God superfluous. He told Der Spiegel  in 2005: The argument for design, I think, has always been the best argument for the existence of God, and when Darwin comes along, he pulls the rug out from under that. Oxford biologist Richard Dawkins often described (lovingly or derisively) as the atheist pope for his objection to religion, once remarked that  around the age of 16, I first understood that Darwinism provides an explanation big enough and elegant enough to replace gods. I have been an atheist ever since. Religious fundamentalists, who also have their objections to metaphorical interpretations of the Book of Genesis, tend to agree that evolutionary theory is a direct threat to the idea of God. Evolution and Intelligent Design Controversy So its little surprise that controversy has long existed over the teaching of evolution by natural selection in public schools. Fundamentalists initially attempted to ban it, allowing only the biblical account of creation to be taught, but the Scopes monkey trial of 1925 made such bans appear ridiculous. Then in Edwards v. Aguillard (1987), the U.S. Supreme Court held that creationism is a religious doctrine and cant be taught in public school biology classes at all. Within two years, supporters of creationism coined the term intelligent design as a means of asserting the creationist doctrine outside of the context of religion—asserting that everything was created, but not asserting who it was that did the creating. It could have been God, or it could have been another immensely ancient and powerful creator. More than twenty years later, were still more or less there. A smattering of state laws and school board initiatives during the late 1990s and early 2000s attempted to replace the theory of evolution by natural selection with the doctrine of intelligent design in public school biology curricula, or at least to mandate that the two theories be taught side-by-side as equal, but most have lost favor either through public response or local court rulings. Proponents of intelligent design argue that the theory of evolution by natural selection is itself a religious assertion that denies the doctrine of God as creator. Its hard to say the theory doesnt at least challenge the biblical doctrine of God as creator, in much the same way that astronomical theories of star formation and so forth do, and this does pose a legitimate First Amendment problem: How should public schools teach scientific topics that challenge core religious beliefs? And are they under an obligation to accommodate these beliefs by teaching more religiously inclusive alternative theories? The answer to this question depends on how you interpret the First Amendments establishment clause. If you believe that it mandates a wall of separation between church and state, then the government cannot base its public school biology curriculum on religious considerations. If you believe that it does not and that some general non-preferential accommodation of religious doctrine is consistent with the establishment clause, then teaching intelligent design as an alternate approach to biology would be legitimate, as long as evolutionary theory is also taught.As a practical consideration, intelligent design should not be taught in public school biology classes. It could, however, be taught in churches. Pastors, particularly youth pastors, have an obligation to become scientifically literate and be prepared, in the words of 1 Peter 3:15, to provide reason for the hope within. Intelligent design is an evangelism imperative because a pastor who is not scientifically literate cannot adequ ately address contemporary challenges to religious faith. That job should not be outsourced to the public school system; as a theological accommodation, intelligent design has no place in a non-sectarian biology curriculum.

How Psychology Has Changed Human Behavior - 1724 Words

Drawing on examples from across the module, evaluate the extent to which psychology has explained how people understand each other. People understand each other using cognitive skills, an example of this is mindreading. Mindreading abilities also referred to as the theory of mind (ToM) is the aptitude to comprehend that other people have mental states, such as understanding that other people have feelings, desires, motives, beliefs and intentions (Hewson, 2015a). This is generally an essential, undemanding skill for social interaction. Thereby, this essay will evaluate how psychology has helped to explain how people understand each other by firstly, explaining how an aspect of mindreading such as false belief has been studied using the†¦show more content†¦An aspect of Theory of mind (ToM) is false belief. False belief is the understanding that other people will have different beliefs to one’s own. Studies have shown that false belief develops throughout childhood. One of the most influential studies into discovering how false belief progresses is the Sally-Anne task. Briefly, the experimenter sho ws a child two puppets, Sally and Anne. Sally places a marble into a basket and leaves the room. Anne takes the marble and places it into a box. The child would be asked ‘Where will Sally look for her marble?’ If the child understands false belief they will answer, ‘where she left it in the basket’ showing understanding of another’s (Sally) false belief. This simple but effective task allows the researcher to get an appreciation of how individual’s false belief develops. Children tend to give the correct answer at approximately four to five years of age (Hewson, 2015b). This has led psychologist to examine further to find out why children under the age of four or five fails. Further research has compared the results of the false belief task with executive functioning skills. Executive functioning is the capability to allow people to manage their thoughts and actions. One such test that psychologists have used to measure executive functioning i s the bear-dragon task (Carlson and Moses, 2001, cited in Hewson, 2015). Using two puppets the child has to ignore one and copy the instructions (for example, pat your head) of the

Biochemical Techniques for the Extraction of Escherichia...

Modern biochemical study and analysis of nucleic acids have been heavily dominated by electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction techniques, as the former allows for relatively inexpensive and accessible resolution and visualization of nucleic acids according to basic chemical properties such as molecular charge and weight, and the latter quickly increases the concentration of nucleic acids, normally found in cells in minute amounts, to a level easily analyzed by modern biochemical techniques. These two techniques are therefore currently indispensable in dealing with nucleic acids on a practical level, and are tools which should be present in every biologist’s kit. This study therefore attempts to elucidate the theoretical and†¦show more content†¦While ample plant and animal samples can be easily obtained, for bacterial samples such as E. coli, they must be propagated first in culture in order to obtain the necessary amount of cells needed for the DNA extraction p rocess. The extraction and purification of genomic DNA is essential as purified DNA serves as the starting point for the amplification of a gene within the DNA via the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). First and foremost, cell lysis or cell disruption must be done to release the cell contents to expose the DNA within the organism, detergents, basic or high salt solutions will then be used for DNA purification by dissociating other biomolecules such as proteins and lipids. DNA will finally be isolated through the use of organic reagents and centrifugation to facilitate collection of the precipitated DNA. Prior to the experiment, materials to be used were sterilized to prevent contamination, which may later on affect the results as contaminants may react with the solutions to be used for the later procedures or even damage the DNA samples. Autoclaving or the use of pressurized steam was utilized to sterilize the materials as exposure to high temperatures normally causes damage to cytoplasmic membranes, breakdown of ribosomes, irreversible enzyme denaturation and DNA strand breakage of bacterial contaminants. Due to the ability of nucleic acids to store genetic information which will later on encode for necessary proteins, it is important to extractShow MoreRelatedA summary analysis of the article â€Å"Microarray detection of food-borne pathogens using specific probes prepared by comparative genomics.†1531 Words   |  7 Pagesthe most common food-borne pathogens that maybe seen in the United States are Norvovirus (58%), Clostridium perfringens (10%), Salmonella (11%), Campylobacter spp. (9%), and Staphylococcus aureus (3%). Among the other 9% (not published) include Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella spp., Bacillus spp., and other opportunistic pathogens (Prasad Vidyarthi, 2009). Therefore, accurate and timely detection and identification of food-borne pathogens is crucial for the prevention of food-borne epidemics and

Payne v. Tennessee free essay sample

Facts: After spending a morning and afternoon drinking beer and injecting cocaine, Pervis Tyrone Payne entered the apartment of 28-year-old Charisse Christopher and her two children, Lacie, age two and Nicholas, age three at approximately 3:00 p.m. on June 27th, 1987. Payne made sexual advances toward Charisse Christopher. She resisted, which lead Payne to kill both Charisse and Lacie. Nicholas was found with several severe stab wounds that completely penetrated him front to back, but he managed to survive. Payne was apprehended later that day hiding in the attic of a former girlfriend’s house. Payne was convicted by a jury of two counts of murder. At sentencing, Payne presented the testimony of his mother, father, Bobbie Thomas and a clinical psychologist. These testimonies’ showed Payne was of good character, he attended church and he was of low intelligence and mentally handicapped. The State presented the testimony of Ms. Christopher’s mother, who spoke of the negative impact of the murders on Nicholas. We will write a custom essay sample on Payne v. Tennessee or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Furthermore, the prosecutor presented argument regarding Nicholas’ experience. The jury sentenced the Payne to death on each count of murder. History: Pervis Tyrone Payne was arrested and charged with two counts of first-degree murder, the jury sentenced Payne to death on each count of murder. Issue: Does the Eighth Amendment prohibit a capital sentencing jury from considering â€Å"victim impact† evidence relating to the personal characteristics of the victim and the emotional impact of the crimes on the victim’s family? Finding: No. Victim impact evidence shall not be considered according to the United States Supreme Court. This rule was because victim impact evidence presents factors about which the defendant may have been unaware of and therefore, the evidence has nothing to do with the â€Å"blameworthiness† of a particular defendant. So basically, no evidence outside the case and not relating directly to the circumstances of the crime was admitted. In the present case, however, the Supreme Court expressed the view that â€Å"a State may properly conclude that for the jury to assess meaningfully the defendant’s moral culpability and blameworthiness, it should have before it at the sentencing phase evidence of the specific harm caused by the defendant.† So, a State may permit the admission of victim  impact evidence, as the Eighth Amendment presents no per se bar. The Supreme Court of Tennessee affirmed the conviction and sentence. The court rejected Payne’s contention that the admission of the grandmother’s testimony and the State’s closing argument constituted prejudicial violations of his rights under the Eighth Amendment as applied in Booth v. Maryland, 482 U.S. 496 (1987), and South Carolina v. Gathers, 490 U.S. 805 (1989). Rational: The court stated â€Å"Stare decisis is not an inexorable command; rather, ‘it is a principle of policy and not a mechanical formula of adherence to the latest decision.’† So basically, not all laws are set completely in stone and it can change over time from case to case. The court states that neither the law nor the facts supporting the prior cases have changed, merely the personnel of the Supreme Court have changed. My Notes: A few things I noticed was I unclear how Payne could argue that introducing such evidence as the grandmother testimony encourages jurors to decide for the death penalty based on emotions rather than reason. But, having his parents testify that he was of good character as plays on emotion, rather than reason. To me, only after introducing victim impact evidence can the juries meaningfully determine the proper punishment. After all the whole reason for this is to protect the victim right?

The Law of Demand

Introduction There are two types of social equilibrium that is dynamic and static equilibriums, abnormal and normal equilibriums the first is active, the second is passive.the first is unstable and the second is stable Equilibrium is the spot where consumers and producers exchange services and goods at a quantity and cost that signify a balance among the consumer’s desire to forfeit less cash and the producer’s desire to get more cash.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Law of Demand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is the point at which everybody prepared to pay the price of the market gets their demand satisfied, while anybody prepared to manufacture at the price of the market gets a buyer for the service or good. [Roger 2001] A market can be defined as an area where services and goods are exchanged. One can imagine a bustling lane complete of sellers and buyers or a stock trade full of citize ns selling and buying stocks. These are touchable manifestations of a market. Economics can be defined as a communal discipline which checks the distribution, consumption and production of services and goods. Microeconomics can be defined as a tool that examines the performance of fundamental elements in the financial system including personalized agents or markets, that is, firms and consumers, sellers and buyers. [William and Alain 2006] Macroeconomics can be defined as a tool that addresses problems affecting the whole economy. That is, inflation, economic growth, unemployment and fiscal and monetary policy. Demand is a connection amidst two variables quantity and price demanded, with all other additional factors that may influence demand held steady. [Esther1998] How the Sonnenschein-Mantel-Debreu Theorem in General Equilibrium affect the law of demand and the law of demand The demand law In money matters can be defined as a microeconomic commandment which states; ‘As the price of a service or good increases, consumer demand for the service or good will decrease and as the price of a service or good decreases, consumer demand for service or good will increase. When all the other factors remain unchanged. [Irvin 2011] Below is a graph illustrating the law of demand? Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Source: (Rick Kash 2002) From the graph it can be seen clearly that when the price increase from P3 to P2 the demand falls from Q2 to Q3 consequently when the price decreases from P1 to P2, the demand increases from Q2 TO Q1. According to Investopedia, law of demand shows the consequences that price variations have on consumer actions. For example, a consumer will purchase more burgers if the price of the burgers falls. Relatively a consumer will purchase less burgers if the burgers price goes up or increases. That is the greater the amount sold, th e smaller the price should be in order for it to get purchasers or buyers. For instance, if the price of milk goes up automatically the demand of milk goes down [Rick Kash 2002] .The Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu Theorem is named after four economists who are Gerard Debreu, Rolf Ricardo Mantel, and Hugo Freund Sonnenschein. As a result of general economics. It states; ‘The surplus demand function for an economy is not limited by the usual reasonableness restrictions on individual demands in the economy’.For example, if in a country’s economy the price of a commodity like petroleum goes high the demand for this particular commodity is not affected by restrictions of the individual demand this is because the customers will still use the commodity. [Lain and Henry 1998] On the other side if the price of petroleum goes down the demand for the same commodity is not affected by restrictions of the individual demand for the same commodity because the amount r egularly consumed remains. Thus microeconomics reasonableness assumptions do not have the same macroeconomics results. The implications of the theorem are mostly manifested in the interdependent markets. The economic equilibrium cannot be exceptional or stable. According to the theorem, the Walrasian aggregate excess demand function inherits only certain properties of individual excess functions. Policy-makers did not favor forms of monetarism and supply-side economics, the New Classical economics is the dominant neoclassical theory.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Law of Demand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The theory says that the existing expectations in the financial system are correspondent to what the prospect state of the financial system will be. This contradicts the thought that administration policy influences the decisions of public in the financial system [David 2006] According to Investopedia the thought is that rational expectations of the company in a financial system will incompletely have an effect on what happens to the financial system in the prospect. Because he believes that the price will rise in the future. According to Sonnenschein Mantel Debreu Theorem (Sonnenschein 1973, Mantel 1974, Debreu 1974) they show that under assumptions under which general equilibrium theory has been developed, there are no limitations on the behavior of data aggregates either within a cross section or intertemporally. General equilibrium theory is an overarching organizing framework for economics. Without any limitations on the distribution of individual qualities, the Sonnenschein-Mantel-Debreu Theorem implies that general equilibrium theory imposes only extremely limited restrictions on combined data. Interactions methods bring the possibility that common types of combined behavior come out from widely changeable collections of individual’s qualities. Many comprehensive p henomena, externalities or other types of market short comings naturally exist which do not lie under the purview of general equilibrium theory [Bryant 2010]. General Equilibrium theory plays several roles in monetarism theory, According to the monetarist the money supply function is where the money stock comes from given the money stock, the demand for money, would settle on the speed of distribution. [James 1969]. The monetarists take the money stock to be an exogenous variable resolute independently in the money supply function; the rise in the monetary content influence the increase in money stock, that is, bank treasury and money in vigorous movement or in the money multiplier while in the theory by Keysian money is taken to be an induced unpredictable or a lively or sovereign variable. [Roger 1999]Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, according to this the returns increases, there would be a rise in demand for money thus the money seems to be formed from the variation of income. The monetary influence has full power on money supply through the stored requirement, interest pace and credit policy. A chain reaction would result from a change in the money of substitutions causing rates, interests, prices, employment, and production to change; income change results from monetary change. [Keizo Nagatani 1981]. One implied suggestion of monetarism is â€Å"lender of last resort† which is a Federal Reserve function, that is, a savior of institutions and as a stabilizer of monetary markets through the refinancing of money market entities and banks as a provider of reserves. Monetarism drawn in, first a theory cycle, and then as a result of these a suggestion for the behavior of financial policy. Specifically, price increases was alleged to be reasonable according to the rate of increase of the cycle, and the money supply, or more accurately it is revolving points according to the changes [Laidler 2004, pg 395]. In this increase rate as an conceptual mode the demand for money was a difficulty reasonably agreeable realistic to price theory , as an practical subject it seemed to be a stable function finely described by a small number of parameters [Friedman 1959]. Laidler different from Friedman who described money as a long lasting consumer he looked at it as a ‘buffer stock’ also different from the approach adopted by Friedman and Keynesian, the Walrasian equilibrium, he also embraced disequilibrium. Manchester monetarism, Laidler, had in reality never assumed the Keynesian is-lm model that he had used to express it nor market clearing. The ordinary rate of joblessness is the point that would be positioned out by the systems of general equilibrium equations by Walrasian. According to Laidler â€Å"What markets do in our theories, money does it in the world [Sylee 1990] . General Equilibrium Theory views the properties and process of liberated market economies. The ground is a response to a sequence of questions at first written by an economist by the name Leon Walras regarding the process of markets. Frank Hahn stated it in the subsequent way: ‘Does consistency come from the search of personal importance through a structure of interrelated deregulated markets, without chaos, and how is it attained? [Friedman 1968, Pg 8] Role played by General Equilibrium Theory in Monetarism and Rational Expectations Theories and the light shed on Rational Expectations by the said Theorem The role played by general equilibrium theory plays several roles in the rational expectations theory, a predominantly low value for shares in a corporation may indicate to an ignorant agent that better knowledgeable agents are not selling the stock or buying the stock. The view of rational expectation equilibrium is commonly acknowledged extension of the general equilibriu m to economies with unevenly knowledgeable agents. In rational expectations, representation agents maximize expected utility with respect to an updated probability distribution that combines their initial information with the additional information conveyed by the prices, but not with respect to an exogenously given probability distribution [Laidler and David 1984]. General equilibrium theory’s outlook is that wages and prices are either very sluggish in responding to change or rigid in overall demand and hence fail to complete their customary market payment functions. In the Keynesian analysis, in production and employment increases or decreases in overall demand in the short run such as occur in a business cycle expansion or contraction are reflected mainly in changes in the real economy, while proponents of the rational expectations equilibrium theory retain that, balance by adjustments in prices and wages is given by supply and demand even at the level of the overall econ omy are constantly. [Peter 2009] Employees and businessmen even if rational regarding the markets where they themselves operate are uninformed about all additional markets and accordingly prone to make mistakes on how much labor to supply or produce in response to a variation in demand.making these mistakes and then making a correction give growth to cyclical engagements. [Roger 1999] Reduced forms of models are required by the general equilibrium theory when the analysis of equilibria are being done ,without or with rational expectation requirement for the absolute requirement of markets, agents , e.t.c, that is, as it is required by general equilibrium theory.[Bryant 2010] According to the general equilibrium theory when markets are complete, and when agents are risk averse then they are tough on changes in fragile modeling options concerning the prior choice of the uncertainty to be included in to model. The objection of insurance then depends on the authoritative outcome of comp leteness insisted by the in effective theorem. Full insurance restores the efficiency of the market equilibria dynamic, possibly generated by arbitrary beliefs, in the presence of extrinsic noise. [Peter 1986] General equilibrium model insists on the hypothesis that agents expect future prices rationally. In general, equilibrium form, rational expectation hypothesis is common knowledge among the agents of the economy, where the competitive rational expectations mechanism functions smoothly. Agents with full expectations, make use of all the information. In general equilibrium theory assumptions are made that the economic representation and also agents that rationally there was common information to all agents and were to fully exploit this knowledge. This assumption was to explain the model [Emilio 2003]. General equilibrium theory under certainty is able to show that agent’s choices are compatible in a perfectly competitive market when they pursue their self-interest differe nt from the certainty environment, without this assumption. In a dangerous surrounding, the rational expectations hypothesis it is important to understand the agent’s actions and also the rational expectations equilibrium. The rational expectations theory is required to show some parameters anticipated on the up coming prices taken by the agent according to his behavior. [Ben 1998] Without this assumption or related one it would be difficult determine the relevance in a perfectly competitive market, the agent’s decisions in accordance to the rational expectations theory. The economy do not waste information and expectation are determined by the structure of the whole system. [Robert and Thomas 1988.] Expectations of financial variables would be subject to mistakes, without being for recognized for sometime as a significant portion of most justifications for changes in the point of business actions expectations of the company, or generally, the individual probability ci rculation of result have a tendency of been distributed, for the similar information determine the forecast of the hypothesis or the objective possibility of circulation of results. [Michael 1992] According to the theory, information is limited, and is not wasted by the economic system. The means by which expectations are created depends particularly on the organization of the appropriate structure describing the financial system a community forecast does not have any significant consequence on the function of the economic arrangement unless it is in relevant to the inside information.[Rodney and Michael 1982]. General equilibrium theory has shed light on the rational expectation theory by the several ways, for instance, People consider rational expectations, to keep the economy at equilibrium. More convectional outcome relating to the potential responsibility and extent of state economic involvement in large-scale policy were re-establish after the rational expectations were given in combination with the hypothesis instead of those of faultlessly working markets that had at all times been the easy perception of the Keynesian perspective. [Davidson 2002] It helps in shedding light on whether or not the financial system is able to convey to any type of harmonized equilibrium at all. The financial system produces a some insight on how large-scale policy operates and specifically regarding the function it plays in destabilizing or stabilizing the financial system, bringing it nearer to or taking it further away from a rational expectation equilibrium fully employed.[Hyman 2008] Rational expectation is sensible only if the populace is able to learn macroeconomics associations from the experience of staying in the financial system and the traditional consistency theorem in statistical assumption do not signify that these connections are actuality learnable for the reason that they are self referential in the nature of macroeconomic study. That is, statistical hypot hesis assures that, under relatively general circumstances people are supposed to be able to consistently estimate connections from observing an extended enough sequence of data brought about by those relationships [Bryant 2010]. In macroeconomics the connections come about, when people change their expectation of price increase due to recent experience and hence affecting the actual rate of inflation. [Frydman and Phelps 1983].It also helps understand whether or not the effort to find out about a system whose properties meet the rational expectations equilibrium is possible. Light is also shed on the time varying temperament of the rational equilibrium theory within general equilibrium stochastic form [Sargent 1993]. In conclusion, all the theories, that is, the general equilibrium theory, rational expectation theory, and the monetarist theory are all connected or related. Rational expectation theory puts together a variation of the expectation hypothesis with a monetary rule view and the general equilibrium hypothesis view. [Esther 1998] References List Bryant, W. D., 2010. General equilibrium theory and evidence. Hackensack N. J. world scientist Publishers. Singapore, Singapore. David, C. C., 2006. Post Walrasian macroeconomics, beyond the dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. Cambridge University, Cambridge. Davidson, P., 2002. Financial Markets, Money, and the Real World. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Emilio, B., 2003. Financial markets theory, Equilibrium, efficiency and information. Springer, London. Esther, M. S., 1998. The evolving rationality of rational expectations: an assessment of Thomas Sergeant’s achievements. Cambridge university press, Cambridge. Esther, M. S., 1998.Changing perceptions of economic policy: essays in honor of the seventieth birthday of Alec Cairncross. Malden publishers. London. Pg 162 Hyman, P. M., 2008.Stabilizing an unstable economy. McGraw-Hill Publishers, New York. Irvin, B. T., 2011.Macroeconomics for today. S outhwestern publishers. Mason, Ohion. James, T., 1969. ‘A general equilibrium approach to monetary theory’. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol.1, pg 15-29. Keizo, N., 1981, Macroeconomic dynamics. Cambridge University press. Cambridge, UK. Laidler and David, E. W., 1984. ‘Misconceptions about the real bills doctrine a comment on sergeant and Wallace ‘, Journal of Political Economy. Pg. 149-155. Lain Begg and S. G. B. Henry, 1998. Applied economics and Public Policy. University of Cambridge, Cambridge. Pg 63 Marc, R.T., 1984. An institutionalist guide to economics and public policy. Armonk, N.Y Publishers, Sharpe. Michael, T. Belongia, 1992.The business cycle: theory and evidence: proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Economic Policy Conference of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Kluwer Acad. Publ., Boston. Pg 112 Peter Flaschel, 2009. The Macro dynamics of capitalism elements for a synthesis of Marx, Keynes and Schumpeter. Heidelberg Springer, Ber lin. Pg 14 Peter Wallace Preston, 1986. Making sense of development: An introduction to classical and contemporary theories of development and their application to Southeast Asia. Routledge and Kegan publishers, New York, London. Pg 226 Robert, E. L. and Thomas, J.S., 1988. Rational expectation and econometric practice. University of Minnesota press, Minneapolis. Roger, G., 2001. Sunspot multiplicity and economic fluctuations. MIT Press, Cambridge, UK. Roger, E. A., 1999. The macroeconomics of self-fulfilling prophecies. MIT Press. Cambridge, UK. Sylee, 1990. The monetary and banking development of Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore University press, Singapore. William O. W. and Alain T., 2006. The Blackwell dictionary of modern social thought. Malden Publishers. Oxford, London. This essay on The Law of Demand was written and submitted by user Hana Ford to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Prospectus on family involvment in education essays

Prospectus on family involvment in education essays The research questions addressed in this design will be examined using data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988. The initial NELS research and data collection was done by the National Center for Education Statistics. The data will be used to examine the effects of the family environment on a childs educational attainment. The NELS data set has an extensive list of variables to examine for trends and associations in nearly all aspects of a students life. Not only does the data examine the student but the parents, teachers, learning environment, and everyday life of the student. The problem with the NELS data is successfully wading through the thousands of variables to find the variables of interest and consequence to the researcher. Many of the variables of the NELS data can be used to address the question of the level of affect a familys involvement in a childs educational attainment. The actual hypothesis in the research project is as follows: the family environment in which a child grows up in directly affects the level of educational attainment of the child. The findings and variables of the NELS data have been used by countless researchers and is a wonderful source of reliable educational data. The independent variable of the hypothesis is the family aspect of the statement. The involvement of a family in a childs education can be defined in many different ways. Some may say that how time much a parent spends actually helping his or her child with schoolwork is the determining factor in a childs education. Many others believe the material environment that a parent provides for a child is of more consequence that how much actual time he or she spends with the child. The truth of the matter is that t he true answer more likely is a combination of all aspects of the family and the surroundings that the family sets for a childs education. ...

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What Is Man Doing To The Earth Religion Essay THREE HUNDRED years ago, man lived much closer to nature. For the most part, he was not threatened by man-made changes to the global environment in the way he is today. The industrial revolution had not begun. There were no power stations, factories, automobiles, or other sources of widespread pollution. The thought of mans ruining the whole earth may have been hard for him to imagine. Yet, even back then, a warning about global ruination was in wide circulation. That warning was found in the last book of the Bible, and it foretold a time when God would intervene in mans affairs to bring to ruin those ruining the earth.-Revelation 11:17,  18. How comforting for all who are concerned about modern mans mismanagement of the earth to know that the Creator of our magnificent planet will save it from ruin! But, you may wonder, have we really reached such a critical situation that Gods intervention is needed? Well, consider some of the facts and judge for yourself. Forests beautify the earth and provide food and shelter for several million different species. As trees grow and manufacture food, they perform other vital services, such as absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing precious oxygen. Thereby, National Geographic says, they offer one antidote to the global warming that threatens life on earth as we know it. But man is ruining his forest heritage. North American and European forests are dying from pollution. And the demands of industrial nations are decimating tropical forests. An African newspaper explained that in 1989, 66 million cubic metres [of tropical wood were] expected to be exported-48  percent to Japan, 40  percent to Europe. Also, in some lands, farmers burn forests to create farmland. Soon the fragile forest soil becomes exhausted, and the farmers have to burn more forest. It is estimated that in this century alone, nearly half the worlds forests have vanished. Oceans Earths oceans also play a vital role in cleaning the atmosphere, and mans activities are ruining them. Vast quantities of carbon dioxide are absorbed by the oceans. In turn, phytoplankton absorbs carbon dioxide and releases oxygen. Dr.  George Small explains the importance of this life cycle: 70  percent of the oxygen added to the atmosphere each year comes from plankton in the sea. Yet, some scientists warn that phytoplankton could be seriously depleted because of ozone reduction in the atmosphere, which is believed to be caused by man. Also, man dumps garbage, oil, and even toxic wastes into the ocean. While some countries agree to limit the wastes they allow to be dumped at sea, others refuse. One Western nation even reserves the right to dump nuclear wastes at sea. Famed ocean explorer Jacques Cousteau warns: We must save the oceans if we want to save mankind. Drinking Water Man is ruining even his drinking water! In poor lands, millions of people die each year because of contaminated water. In richer nations, water sources are contaminated by, among other things, fertilizers and pesticides that wash into rivers and seep into groundwater. In 1986 the world production of pesticides was 2.3 million tons, and the rate of increase is reported to be 12  percent per year. Another source of pollution is chemical dumps. The metal drums containing the chemicals, explains Scientific American, are nothing less than time bombs that will go off when they rust through. This type of pollution, the journal adds, is happening worldwide in thousands of chemical waste dumps. The result? All over the earth, once pure rivers are being turned into industrial sewers. It is estimated that 20 million Europeans drink water from the Rhine, yet this river is so polluted that sludge dredged from its bed is too dangerous to use for landfill! Farming Practices Alarmingly, man is even ruining his farmland. In the United States alone, 20  percent of the land set aside for irrigation has been damaged, according to Scientific American. Why? Because overirrigation adds too much salt to the soil. Many countries have ruined much valuable land in this way. As much land is now being taken out of production due to salinization as is being brought into production through new irrigation projects, states The Earth Report. Another widespread problem is overgrazing,  which may be contributing to the spread of deserts. Too Many Motor Vehicles So much for our planets land and water. But what about its air? This too is being ruined, and the culprits are many. To mention just one, consider the automobile. Following are warnings from three influential scientific journals: Motor vehicles generate more air pollution than any other single human activity. (New Scientist) There are currently 500 million registered automobiles on the planet .  .  . Filling their tanks consumes about one third of the worlds production of oil. .  .  . The number of automobiles is increasing more quickly than the population. (Scientific American) Petrol [gasoline] in all phases of production, use and disposal is a major source of environmental degradation and disease.-The Ecologist. Yes, our planet is being abused, ruined. Its seas, drinking water, farmlands, and even its atmosphere are being polluted to an enormous extent. Surely, this alone would suggest that the time is near for God to intervene and bring to ruin those ruining the earth. (Revelation 11:18) However, there are other, even worse, ways in which the earth is being ruined. Let us see just what they are. A World Government The only way to combat the  greenhouse effect and other emerging  environmental  disasters is a world government, says Dr.  Kenneth Hare, renowned geographer and  climate-change expert. Humanity is mounting a deadly assault on nature, Hare warned. The planet is threatened not just by a nuclear holocaust but by ecological misuse, reports the Calgary Herald, a Canadian newspaper. Hare claims that three billion tons of carbon are spewed into the atmosphere annually by automobile exhausts and industrial smokestacks. Computer studies show that even with moderate economic growth, carbon-dioxide levels would double by the year 2075. Weve created a global problem, and without regulation of the environment on a global scale, well be in trouble, said Hare. What Dr.  Hare recommends is indeed logical. Still, can man ever hope to establish a global government that would be able to do such things as regulate economic growth, develop nonpolluting energy sources, and convince humankind to embark on a program of worldwide environmental care? Hardly! Gods Word clearly says: To earthling man his way does not belong. It does not belong to man who is walking even to direct his step. (Jeremiah 10:23) However, this does belong in the hands of God. As the Prince of Peace, his Son, Jesus Christ, will administer a world government that will rule in justice and righteousness. Under his heavenly rulership, mankind will not imperil the environment.-Isaiah 9:6,  7; 11:9; Daniel 2:44. Oh, for Some Fresh Air! BY AWAKE! CORRESPONDENT IN BRITAIN WHEN you breathe, do you inhale fresh air? Present-day air pollution is a bigger enemy than smoking, claims a doctor quoted in The Times of London. In England and in Wales, contaminated air kills an estimated 10,000 people every year. Worldwide, especially in large cities, the situation is serious. Many blame the automobile industry for polluting the atmosphere. To reduce dangerous exhaust, new vehicles in many countries now come fitted with catalytic converters, which reduce pollution. The hydrocarbons in exhaust gases have dropped to 12 percent of the 1970 levels, with similar reductions of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. Babies in strollers are particularly vulnerable because they ride at the level that cars spew out fumes. But air pollution threatens car occupants as well. Reportedly, the contamination is three times higher inside cars than outside. Further hazards come from inhaling benzene fumes from fuel as you fill your cars fuel tank. Now the most prevalent form of air pollution worldwide is Suspended Particulate Matter, says a 1993-94 United Nations environmental data report. Apparently, tiny bits of soot, or particulate matter, have the ability to penetrate deep into the lungs and there deposit damaging chemicals. The depletion of the ozone layer high above the globe attracts much press comment. At ground level, however, sunlight acts on the nitrogen oxides and other volatile elements of air pollution to produce high levels of ozone. These levels have doubled in Britain during this century. These gases damage paint and other building materials, cause disease in trees, plants, and crops, and appear to trigger respiratory problems in some people. Although most of the ozone pollution occurs in towns, surprisingly it is the rural areas that suffer the worst effects. In the urban areas, nitrogen oxides mop up the excess ozone, but where these oxides are sparse, the ozone has free rein to wreak damage. Additionally, air pollution is up to 70 times higher inside homes than outdoors, reports The Times. Here the fumes from air fresheners, mothballs, and even dry-cleaned clothes pollute the air. Cigarette smoke likewise adds to health risks indoors. What, then, can you do to protect your family? The Times of London offered the following suggestions. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reduce your use of the car. If possible, share transportation with others. Drive smoothly. If stuck in a traffic jam or otherwise stationary for more than a couple of minutes, switch off the engine. If possible, on hot days park your car in the shade to reduce pollution produced by fuel evaporation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Choose to exercise in the early mornings when ozone levels outdoors are generally low. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Outlaw smoking in the home. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Keep bedroom windows slightly open at night to lower humidity and move allergens outside. No doubt you agree: Oh, for some fresh air! Warning! This Water May Be Hazardous to Your Health CAN you imagine turning on the water tap at your kitchen sink, holding a lighted match to the faucet, and witnessing a horrifying eruption of flames? Can you imagine a freshwater river that bursts into flames at the drop of a lighted cigarette? Would you be appalled if your bathwater was too thick to drink but too thin to plow and piling up in one end? Does it boggle the mind to think of river water that can develop a picture from a negative before your eyes? What would be your reaction if your tap water came out with a head on it, looking like bock beer? Do you have to open the window at your sink so as not to stink up the house when water is drawn from the faucet? Does your marriage mate leave the morning pot of coffee untouched because of its unusual strength, only to discover later that no coffee had been added yet? Or is your water crystal clear, pure in taste, but your family repeatedly suffers from headaches, dizziness, dysentery, or skin rashes after drinking it? Or would the suffering of tremors, blindness, and impairment of the central nervous system best describe the symptoms? Did you know that not long ago one third of humanity was in a perpetual state of illness because of impure water and that ten million people were dying each year, not for the lack of it, but because of it? Can all of this be the figment of a wild imagination-the stuff of science-fiction movies? Unfortunately, the scenarios are true. It has become obvious that man today has the awesome genius to poison completely every living thing on the face of the earth and in the waters below. Most of this has come about through his efforts to make life easier-mitigating pain and disease, bringing the world closer to his living room through communication, pursuing his quest into outer space, and making  destructive  implements of war. Most of this is caused by mans creation of new but deadly chemical compounds. Six years ago, over 60,000 such chemical concoctions were on the market-35,000 of which were classified as either deadly or extremely hazardous to our health, with thousands more being formulated each year. From these chemical cocktails have come equally dangerous and highly toxic wastes that are disposed of by dumping them into the earth, rivers, and streams, with little thought of the consequences it would have on people or environment. A Boon to Farmers, a Bomb to Earths Waters Pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers have been a boon to the worlds farmers, but they have been a bomb to earths waters. For years farmers in Californias San Joaquin Valley sprayed their grapes, fruit, and tomatoes with the pesticide DBCP, only to discover in recent years that it can cause cancer and sterility in humans. Although the spraying has stopped, the poison hasnt stopped percolating through the layers of the earth and into the underground water system. Thirty-five percent of the wells in the valley have DBCP, said a spokesman for the health department. In one county in California, 250,000 people run the risk of DBCP contamination, reported Newsweek magazine. Other pesticides affect the nervous system. Still others are suspected of causing various other illnesses. Some herbicides have been discovered to have serious effects on the brain, rendering the victim immobile. In many agricultural areas, fertilizers have raised nitrate concentrations above health standards set out in some countries. These chemicals, too, have infiltrated aquifers. Detergents, solvents, dry-cleaning fluids, septic-tank cleaners, to mention a few, have been highly developed through chemistrys progression. The result has been marvelous benefits to mankind. However, as these products percolate through the earth, the result has been a contamination of earths pure waters for generations to come. We are poisoning ourselves and our posterity, said one environmentalist. Many of the millions of underground gasoline storage tanks at the service stations dotting the highways and city streets leak, as reports show, and their highly explosive contents seep into the ground and percolate through the well-water systems. They can cause houses and barns to burst into flames when the fumes reach a lighted match. Flames from a water faucet are all too common as a result of this underground witches brew of death-dealing chemicals oozing into the water system. It was thought that the earth itself would purify these chemicals as they trickled through the layers of the earth, rendering them harmless. In the past decade, however, it has been discovered that many of these dangerous chemicals have not been filtered out but go right through to the aquifers, contaminating them for generations to come. Ground-water contamination is the result of sins committed a long time ago, said James Groff of the American Water Works Association. Nobody had the foresight to predict it. The sins, however, continue to be committed to this date. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that in the United States alone 1.5 trillion gallons of hazardous waste leak into the underground water system each year. Much of it is deliberately dumped by unscrupulous and greedy men without regard to the terrible, terrible damage to mans water and health. Just 1 gallon of solvent will contaminate 20 million gallons of ground water to exceed safe levels set by most states, said one scientist. When one thinks in terms of a trillion gallons of waste, then the expression, water, water everywhere, and not a drop to drink, looms up as being a potentially frightful reality. A Time Bomb, Slowly Ticking Away Ground water and its contaminants, said the chairman of the House Subcommittee on Environment, Energy and Natural Resources, represent a potential time bomb, slowly ticking away. Theres a growing belief that this problem will be the next great crisis of the 1980s. The New York Times reported: There is wide agreement, however, that the contamination of ground water is by far the most serious and difficult problem affecting the quality of drinking water and now constitutes a subterranean time bomb. Theres no doubt we have a time bomb on our hands, warned a University of Arizona scientist. The question is how big the bang will be. A person does not have to put his ear to the ground to know how big the bang will be. Already the world shudders in fear of the coming explosion. For example, it has been estimated that by the year 2000 a fourth of the worlds water supply could be unsafe for drinking. A third of the water in Chinas major rivers is polluted beyond safe limits for human consumption, said Worldwatch Institute. According to Thane Gustafson, a specialist on Soviet Union affairs, that country will face a greater demand for water by the year 2000 than its waters can supply because of water pollution today. South America faces a similar crisis-a water supply too contaminated for its people to drink. Either we manage to limit the waste of water or by the year 2000 we shall be dying of thirst, proclaimed the United Nations World Conference on water. Without being guilty of exaggeration it is easy to foresee that in the very near future the world will be literally dying of thirst, either as a result of pollution or present wasteful usage, the conference said. People in all parts of the earth experience the devastating effects of the time bomb that appears to have exploded on the world scene already. When one considers, for example, that 70 percent of Indias drinking water is polluted and is the cause of much of the countrys illness, it becomes no exaggeration to say that its waters and all life dependent on them cry out for a cure. And what can be said of the Third World countries and the dying people looking for clean water? Truly, the world faces a dilemma of unprecedented proportions. Water-borne diseases kill 30,000 people every day, said Swiss water-treatment expert Dr.  Maarten Schalekamp. Only a third of mankind possesses what he called irreproachable drinking-water facilities, while another third of earths inhabitants is drinking contaminated water. The remaining third has very little water of any kind. And so it goes. Poisoned waters percolating through the earth, rushing through its rivers, meandering down its streams, cascading over its falls, while a great portion of mankind inevitably drinks to its death. Truly, a time bomb of mans own making! Jehovah God, the Creator of earth, man, and all life-giving waters, has set ticking his own time bomb by which he will bring to ruin those ruining the earth. (Revelation 11:18) It is set to go off at his appointed time, and those who have ruined the earth, the air, and the water will not be able to defuse it or to escape its destructive forces. The year 2000 continues to be pointed to by man as being a critical time. Whether the guilty live to see that feared year remains to be seen. Only Jehovah knows. Following the destruction of those whom God now holds accountable, the earth will be restored to a paradise, and rivers of waters of life, clean and pure, will be abundant for every living thing. Our Beautiful Earth-How Much of It Will We Leave Our Children? ACCORDING to published reports, 1.7  billion children have been born into the world since the year 1970. If they constituted a nation, it would be the worlds largest. Is it not fair to ask, What kind of world are we leaving them? Over 25 years ago a prominent doctor of the U.S. Public Health Service observed: We all live under the haunting fear that something may corrupt the environment to the point where man joins the dinosaurs as an obsolete form of life. In the intervening years, that fear has intensified. Last year a national forum, addressed by nearly a hundred biologists, warned that coming was a wave of mass extinctions such as wiped out the dinosaurs, only this time it would not be by a natural development but by human activities. This year Worldwatch Institute released its report State of the World 1987. It said: A sustainable society satisfies its needs without diminishing the prospects of the next generation. By many measures, contemporary society fails to meet this criterion. Questions of ecological sustainability are arising on every continent. The scale of human activities has begun to threaten the habitability of the earth itself. The Institutes report said that the demands of over 5  billion people-and their numbers are increasing by 83  million a year-are overwhelming the regenerative capacities of earths biological systems. Chemical pollution is thinning the atmospheric ozone and may lead to causing more skin cancers, impairing human immune systems, and retarding crop growth. If acid rain continues, not only will more lakes and forests die but soils will acidify further and may take decades, if not centuries, to recover. Intensified farming practices have pushed the rate of topsoil loss beyond that of new soil formation. Deforestation reduces the amount of carbon dioxide used from the atmosphere, and the burning of fossil fuels releases more carbon dioxide than the remaining plants and the oceans can take in. The result is an increase in the warming greenhouse effect that may ultimately melt glaciers and flood coastal cities. The loss of tropical forests means less recycling of water for rainfall and may lead to the creation of deserts. Toxic chemicals, raw sewage, crude oil, nuclear accidents, radon, microwaves, asbestos-on and on could go the listing of mans sins against the environment. State of the World 1987 warns: Never have so many systems vital to the earths habitability been out of equilibrium simultaneously. New environmental problems also span time periods and geographic areas that stretch beyond the authority of existing political and social institutions. No single nation can stabilize the earths climate, protect the ozone layer, preserve the planets mantle of forests and soils, or reverse the acidification of lakes and streams. Only a sustained international commitment will suffice. This commitment is dragging its feet, and time is running out. Hundreds of billions are spent in the arms race; a mere pittance is spent on preserving the environment that sustains us and the neglect of which can kill us. Since 1983 the United States alone has committed $9  billion to the Strategic Defense Initiative research and wants $33  billion more for it from 1986 to 1991-but turns stingy on the environment. The other industrialized nations do likewise. The State of the World 1987 puts the crisis in a nutshell: The time has come to make peace with each other so that we can make peace with the earth. A sustainable future, this report states, calls upon us simultaneously to arrest the carbon dioxide buildup, protect the ozone layer, restore forests and soils, stop population growth, boost energy efficiency, and develop renewable energy sources. No generation has ever faced such a complex set of issues requiring immediate attention. Preceding generations have always been concerned about the future, but we are the first to be faced with decisions that will determine whether the earth our children inherit will be habitable. The following article shows the crisis developing over toxic chemicals. The Ugly Side of Industrial Chemicals IT WAS just after midnight on a cool December evening in 1984 that the worst industrial accident in history happened. A world away from the Republic of India, few people were familiar with the name Bhopal, an industrial city with a population of more than 800,000, located almost at the center of the country. Its sleeping residents were unaware of the death-dealing events developing a stones throw away. At the U.S. Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, a storage tank holding 45  tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC), a deadly chemical used in making pesticides, began building up dangerously high pressure. Suddenly, from a malfunctioning valve, a cloud of poisonous gas began spreading death and agony over the quiet city. It snuffed out the lives of more than 2,500 men, women, and children. It maimed more than a hundred thousand others. The death of thousands of animals-water buffalo, cattle, and dogs-caused the countryside to be littered with dead bodies that clogged the roads and city streets. Bhopal became a giant makeshift crematory, burning the dead around the clock. Seventy funeral pyres, with bodies stacked 25 high, consumed the dead in their flames. Others were buried in hurriedly dug mass graves-scores of bodies at a time. Later another catastrophe hit Europe and was called Bhopal on the Rhine. A chemical spill from an industrial plant above Basel, Switzerland, dumped 40  tons of poisonous waste into the Rhine. It killed hundreds of thousands of fish and eels as it drifted downstream along the German-French border, into the Rhineland and then through the Netherlands to the North Sea. One newspaper editorialized: The Swiss used to be considered clean, their industry safe, and that included the chemical industry. That is all past now. The residents of Bhopal and communities along the Rhine River had become the victims of a technological age that boasts the compounding of more than 66,000 chemical concoctions. Many are formulated to make life easier for man, yet, ironically, a vast number are highly toxic and can cause fatal and devastating side effects, both to humans and to the entire biological system. One expert classified these chemicals as biocides. Many are the chemicals with long names that few people can pronounce and that for convenience bear letters such as PCB, DDT, PCDD, PCDF, TCDD. This alphabet soup of toxic chemicals is a deadly hazard both to humans and to earths resources on which man must rely to live. Thousands upon thousands of releases of toxic substances into the environment occur each year, said a spokesman for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Such releases pose a threat to the quality of air, surface water, and underground drinking supplies, and poison the soil for decades to come. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that in the United States alone, 1.5  trillion gallons of hazardous chemical wastes find their way into the underground water systems each year. Knowing that just one gallon of solvent will contaminate 20  million gallons of groundwater to exceed safe levels, it is staggering to compute what catastrophic damage 1.5  trillion gallons of poisonous chemicals are doing. Because of hazardous chemicals and wastes and the careless dumping of them, rivers and streams are being polluted. Fish are dying. As the rivers and streams enter the oceans, the death-dealing chemicals pour with them, and in some places where ocean life was once plentiful, today, according to famed oceanographer Jacques Cousteau, fish can no longer be found. Bird and animal life is also threatened by the contamination. Even wildlife sanctuaries prove to be no haven. Ten national wildlife refuges are contaminated by toxic chemicals and another 74 may be in danger. .  .  . Agricultural runoff containing selenium and other chemicals has killed large numbers of waterfowl in the refuge, reported The New York Times of February  4, 1986. World experts do not paint a promising picture for the future. The rapid diminishment of earths resources does not end with the loss of soil and the pollution of air and water. What about earths great tropical rain forests that for millenniums have raised their leafy arms hundreds of feet into the air? Are these too in danger of going the way of other resources that are diminishing before our eyes? Whether we realize it or not, our lives are affected by these luxuriant handiworks of Jehovah, as the next article will show. What Future for Us and Our Children? A FAMILY cannot spend more than it makes and remain solvent. A nation cannot pay out more than it takes in and still prosper; nor can we continue our deficit spending of the environment. We cannot squander more soil than is formed, create more carbon dioxide than plants can use, cut down more trees than we replace, pollute more air and water than earth can recycle. Environmental deficits, like national deficits, will demand an accounting. They will be paid, either in money and international cooperation or in lives-ours and our childrens. Modern technology has made the ruining of the earth possible. It could be used to prevent it. Why isnt it? Love of money. It would cost billions. This world cannot see-or in its selfishness will not see-beyond its own shortsighted materialistic desires. Since it refuses to pay in money, it will pay in loss of topsoil, loss of forests, loss of aquifers, hothouse atmosphere, poisoned water, mounting sickness, human lives. And to hold onto its money, this world is selling off its childrens future. Will it wake up in time? Historys answer is not reassuring, but Gods answer is. Jehovah God himself says that he will step in and bring to ruin those ruining the earth. (Revelation 11:18) He will remove from earth those ruining its environment and destroying its beauty, for he created it to be life-sustaining and beautiful. The heavens are my throne, and the earth is my footstool, he says, and: I shall glorify the very place of my feet.-Isaiah 66:1; 60:13. He created it to be inhabited by people who love righteousness-and it will be, by millions who once lived in the past, by millions who are living now, and by millions of children yet to be born. This he has recorded in his Word, the Bible, and you can read it for yourself at Isaiah 45:18 and John 5:28,  29. Then, cared for by those who love it, the earth will regenerate itself into the beauty with which our Creator originally endowed it. Then righteously disposed persons and their children will have a future, a glorious one: Just a little while longer, and the wicked one will be no more; and you will certainly give attention to his place, and he will not be. But the meek ones themselves will possess the earth, and they will indeed find their exquisite delight in the abundance of peace. The righteous themselves will possess the earth, and they will reside forever upon it.-Psalm 37:10,  11,  29. And never die? And never die! God himself will be with them. And he will wipe out every tear from their eyes, and death will be no more, neither will mourning nor outcry nor pain be anymore. The former things have passed away. (Revelation 21:3,  4) Too good to be true? No, this present wicked world is too bad to remain.-Daniel 2:44. But you and your children can remain. Jehovah God makes it possible through the sacrifice of his Son. To learn of Jehovah and of his Son will mean everlasting life for you and your children-life in a new world wherein righteousness is to dwell. (John 3:16; 17:3; 2  Peter 3:13) This can be the happy future for you and your children. Whether it is or not is up to you. Pollution-Who Causes It? THIS island is government property under experiment. The ground is contaminated with anthrax and dangerous. Landing is prohibited. This sign posted on the Scottish mainland opposite Gruinard Island warns off would-be visitors. For the past 47 years, since an experimental explosion of biological weapons during the second world war, this beautiful island has been contaminated by the disease agents of anthrax. Gruinard Island is an extreme example of pollution. But milder forms of ground pollution are a problem that is widespread and growing. Ground Pollution on the Increase One cause of this ground pollution i

Reading Towards New Heights :: Education Educating Teaching Essays

Reading Towards New Heights Envision a world wherein many students are lost when a college instructor opens a textbook filled with the works of authors from the ancient world. Does this even happen in colleges and universities? This does happen in classrooms around the world, and I want to be able to impact the future generations that will one-day grace the halls of a college or university. Education impacts an individual’s life every day, and I have always envisioned myself educating students to a greater extent than many students would feel capable of accomplishing. Yet how did a child who once dreamt of being a lawyer ever decide to become a teacher? In middle school, I began to read novels and write short stories. The literacy rate to me seemed to be diminishing. Students no longer found joy in picking up a book and becoming engrossed in a novel. At that point in my life, I wanted to my fellow classmates to find the pleasure in reading and writing that I did, but no one would really listen. As long as I can remember I have desired to make a difference in someone’s life, and the opportunity finally prevailed in high school. I had the opportunity to tutor a young child in reading and when she had finally accomplished the feat of reading, I was overjoyed because she grew to love reading. But when I looked at my classmates, they were all groaning about the selections that our teachers had given us. I suppose that seeing a young child enjoy reading inspired me to want to teach high school literature. I wanted older students to feel the passi on of reading a novel that they actually connected with. I wanted to be the teacher that bridged the gap between reading and teenagers. But how will I engage their minds for the great works of literature that will acquire them reasoning skills? In order to engage my students in the joys of reading, I plan to use a philosophy renowned for its able to focus on ideas, concepts, and books. My love for the great works of literature from the ancient world has allowed me to accept the philosophy of perennialism as my teaching philosophy. The Great Books are a selection of world-renowned books that I want my students to read and thoroughly attain knowledge from. Mortimer Adler once said, "The Great Books of ancient and medieval as well as modern times are a repository of knowledge and wisdom, a tradition of culture which must initiate each generation (356, Teachers, Schools, and Society).