Management practices and behaviors

Presentation In each association, the profitability of representatives is altogether controlled by the organization’s capacity to persuade them. So as to inspire their representatives successfully, it is significant for an association to utilize the proper administration practices and practices. The executives practices and practices is one of the most fitting instruments which can be utilized to expand the employee’s efficiency and improving worker spirit and commitment.Advertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on Management practices and practices explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Motivation can be characterized as the arrangement of reasons which influences one’s choices to connect with themselves specifically practices. At the point when representatives are propelled, they will turn out to be progressively dedicated to their separate obligations since they accept their difficult work is perceived. They will be inspired t o work more diligently so as to boost the profits of an association. At the point when their endeavors are perceived, workers will get a feeling of personality with an association. They will by one way or another have feeling of responsibility for firm. Thus, they will be resolved to meet the hierarchical objectives. Over the long haul, the organization’s benefit will increment because of the expanded representative profitability. In spite of these points of interest of representative inspiration, the procedure is looked by various issues. These issues have fundamentally influenced the accomplishment of employees’ inspiration. For example, all together for any association to have an effective representative inspiration process, it needs to allot a significant measure of cash. It will cost an association to purchase presents for the representatives or to complete any impetus so as to propel them to work more earnestly. As a rule, it turns out to be extremely hard to gau ge the profits which a specific representative inspiration practice will bring to an association. For instance, what amount will an association gain for each unit of assets apportioned to representative inspiration? This inquiry achieves contentions in an organization’s endeavors to inspire its workers. Writing Review In each association, the significant worry of the administration is to arrange the creation factors so that they contribute fundamentally in acknowledgment of the hierarchical objectives. In an association, we have non human components like hardware which encourage the procedure of creation. The exhibition of such factors relies upon the presentation of the workers. Thusly, inspiration of the laborers is critical in improving the general execution of an association. The presentation of the laborers, be that as it may, will be dictated by the inspiration they get just as their capacity to play out specific undertakings (Scribd, not dated: 3).Advertising Looking f or research paper on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In many cases, numerous associations wind up in various issues exuding from its workers. Individuals can be excessively intricate and they can likewise be straightforward. Thusly, it is significant for the administration to understand this reality so as to think of the accepted procedures in its endeavors to deal with its human variables. Representative inspiration influences the profitability of workers in four measurements. That is, exertion, ingenuity, bearing and objectives (Scribd, not dated: 4). Exertion alludes to the qualities of a worker in the business related practices. Then again, industriousness alludes to the assurance which employee’s show in applying exertion to their work and obligations. Bearing alludes to the nature of the worker’s conduct related into how they behave in completing their obligations or assignments. At long last, objectives allude to the closures through which the laborers direct their endeavors (Scribd, not dated: 5). It has been discovered that inspiration causes objective situated practices (Scribd, not dated: 8). At the point when an individual encounters an inclination for a need, this inclination creates a urge that the person in question misses something. Subsequently, the inclination that he has something missing produces a great deal of pressure in their brain. So as to fulfill these requirements, workers wind up drawing in themselves in objective guided practices to fulfill their necessities. These practices where the workers connect with themselves in are objective coordinated. These practices increment their profitability henceforth altogether improving the presentation of an association. By drawing in themselves in objective arranged practices, representatives figure out how to satisfy their objectives and, along these lines, prevail in their endeavors to satisfy their requirements (Scribd, not dated: 5). This helps workers in beating their pressure. In any case, the satisfaction of these necessities require the nearness of a good situation. In any case the procedure will be less compelling. Objective arranged conduct among the representative is consistent in light of the fact that when one need is fulfilled, it creates another need. In this manner, worker inspiration is huge in acknowledgment of association long haul and momentary objectives. Significance of applying employees’ inspiration standard There are a few reasons why it is critical to propel workers in each organization.Advertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on Management practices and practices explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Employees’ inspiration is one of the central point which decide an organization’s upper hand. At the point when an association spurs its representatives, they improve their efficiency. Consequen tly, an association can create more and spend less. At the end of the day, an organization can diminish its creation costs. In this manner, it will be simple for an association to sell its items at a lower cost and still hold its gainfulness. Inspiration can likewise be seen as the way to execution improvement and advancement. Persuaded representatives record a better contrasted with different workers (Scribd, not dated: 10). At the point when representatives get inspiration through different strategies, they will work near their capacities. In any case, without any inspiration, representative execution will in general veer off away from their abilities. High representative execution advances productivity of an association and in this manner associations need to persuade their workers. Another significance of propelling workers is to keep up an elevated level of representative turnover. An association which as often as possible inspires their representatives much of the time encount ers insignificant instances of worker truancy. Associations figure out how to evade issues which are connected with representative non-attendance like deficiencies, delays and different bothers. An association additionally figures out how to boost on usage of its human elements. Representative inspiration likewise lessens the odds of laborers dismissing hierarchical changes. Inspired workers are increasingly responsive to authoritative changes contrasted and unmotivated representatives (Scribd, not dated: 5). Changes in associations are significant particularly in the current business which is portrayed by an elevated level of rivalry. In such condition, an association is compelled to grasp changes with time. In any case, representatives will in general restrict these progressions when they are presented in the association. This is because of the modifications that are related with such changes which influence them. Inspired workers will bolster these progressions and even draw in t hemselves in their usage. This advances different exercises in associations. Maslow’s Theory This hypothesis orders human needs into various levels. There are a few levels which are more essential than others. The fulfillment of these necessities can fundamentally influence the exhibition of a person in an organization.Advertising Searching for research paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More One of the primary needs that a worker needs to get in an association is security. Workers should be ensured of their professional stability so as to advance their dedication in their errands (Huber 2006: 486). Workers should be given wellbeing and security needs so as to be inspired to enhance their creation. As such, absence of work security demoralizes representatives from investing energy in their obligations. They can't effectively be submitted for the accomplishment of the association. For example, they won't have any motivating force to lead research which has long haul impacts on an association. Representatives should be liberated from any feelings of dread and any type of hardship of their physiological needs (Wahba and Bridwell 1976: 230).The administration should utilize the correct language to the workers which doesn't undermine the permanency of a representative situation in an association. They should feel esteemed as a significant piece of an association. There are a f ew things which should be possible so as to meet these essential needs which are vital for employee’s inspiration. For example, bosses must guarantee the representatives on the security of their business. This will urge representatives to work more diligently for the achievement of their association. In the event that workers are not ensured on their security on an association, they will have exceptionally low motivating force to advance. The anticipation hypothesis The hope hypothesis specifies that representatives will in general work harder on the off chance that they accept that difficult work will prompt better execution and that better execution will prompt prizes (DuBrin 2008: 389). As it were, this hypothesis shows that prizes can altogether influence the exhibition of representatives. One of the routes through which workers can be remunerated is through installment. Representatives can be urged to invest more energy in their separate regions in the event that they ar e remunerated with a decent installment. Something else, representatives will be discou

History Of Math Essay Example For Students

History Of Math Essay Science, investigation of connections among amounts, extents, and properties and of intelligent activities by which obscure amounts, sizes, and properties might be found. Before, science was viewed as the study of amount, regardless of whether of sizes, as in geometry, or of numbers, as in math, or of the speculation of these two fields, as in variable based math. Close to the center of the nineteenth century, in any case, arithmetic came to be viewed progressively as the study of relations, or as the science that makes essential inferences. This last view incorporates scientific or representative rationale, the study of utilizing images to give an accurate hypothesis of sensible reasoning and surmising dependent on definitions, maxims, proposes, and controls for consolidating and changing crude components into progressively complex relations and hypotheses. This concise review of the historical backdrop of arithmetic follows the development of numerical thoughts and ideas, starting in ancient times. In reality, arithmetic is close to as old as mankind itself; proof of a feeling of geometry and enthusiasm for geometric example has been found in the structures of ancient ceramics and materials and in cavern works of art. Crude checking frameworks were very likely dependent on utilizing the fingers of one or two hands, as confirm by the transcendence of the numbers 5 and 10 as the bases for most number frameworks today. Antiquated Mathematics The most punctual records of cutting edge, sorted out science go back to the old Mesopotamian nation of Babylonia and to Egypt of the third thousand years BC. There science was commanded by number juggling, with an accentuation on estimation and count in geometry and with no hint of later scientific ideas, for example, maxims or confirmations. The most punctual Egyptian writings, created around 1800 BC, uncover a decimal numeration framework with independent images for the progressive forces of 10 (1, 10, 100, etc), similarly as in the framework utilized by the Romans. Numbers were spoken to by recording the image for 1, 10, 100, etc the same number of times as the unit was in a given number. For instance, the image for 1 was composed multiple times to speak to the number 5, the image for 10 was composed multiple times to speak to the number 60, and the image for 100 was composed multiple times to speak to the number 300. Together, these images spoke to the number 365. Option was finished by totaling independently the units-10s, 100s, etc in the numbers to be included. Increase depended on progressive doublings, and division depended on the converse of this procedure. The Egyptians utilized wholes of unit divisions (an), enhanced by the part B, to communicate every single other portion. For instance, the portion E was the entirety of the parts 3 and *. Utilizing this framework, the Egyptians had the option to take care of all issues of math that included portions, just as some rudimentary issues in polynomial math. In geometry, the Egyptians determined the right territories of triangles, square shapes, and trapezoids and the volumes of figures, for example, blocks, chambers, and pyramids. To discover the territory of a circle, the Egyptians utilized the square on U of the distance across of the circle, an estimation of about 3.16-near the estimation of the proportion known as pi, which is about 3.14. The Babylonian arrangement of numeration was very unique in relation to the Egyptian framework. In the Babylonian framework which, when utilizing dirt tablets, comprised of different wedge-molded imprints a solitary wedge showed 1 and an arrowlike wedge represented 10 (see table). Numbers up through 59 were framed from these images through an added substance process, as in Egyptian science. The number 60, in any case, was spoken to by a similar image as 1, and starting here on a positional image was utilized. That is, the estimation of one of the initial 59 numerals relied consequently upon its situation in the absolute numeral. For instance, a numeral comprising of an image for 2 followed by one for 27 and closure in one for 10 represented 2 ? 602 + 27 ? 60 + 10. This rule was reached out to the portrayal of parts too, so the above succession of numbers could similarly well speak to 2 ? 60 + 27 + 10 ? (†), or 2 + 27 ? (†) + 10 ? (†-2). With this sexagesimal framework (base 60), as it is called, the Babylonians had as helpful a numerical framework as the 10-based framework. The Babylonians in time built up an advanced arithmetic by which they could locate the positive underlying foundations of any quadratic condition (Equation). They could even discover the foundations of certain cubic conditions. The Babylonians had an assortment of tables, including tables for duplication and division, tables of squares, and tables of progressive accrual. They could take care of confused issues utilizing the Pythagorean hypothesis; one of their tables contains number answers for the Pythagorean condition, a2 + b2 = c2, masterminded so that c2/a2 diminishes consistently from 2 to about J. The Babylonians had the option to aggregate number-crunching and some geometric movements, just as successions of squares. They likewise showed up at a decent guess for ?. In geometry, they determined the zones of square shapes, triangles, and trapezoids, just as the volumes of basic shapes, for example, blocks and chambers. Notwithstanding, the Babylonians didn't show up at the right equation for the volume of a pyramid. Greek Mathematics The Greeks received components of arithmetic from both the Babylonians and the Egyptians. The new component in Greek science, be that as it may, was the innovation of a theoretical arithmetic established on a sensible structure of definitions, adages, and evidences. As indicated by later Greek records, this improvement started in the sixth century BC with Thales of Miletus and Pythagoras of Samos, the last a strict pioneer who trained the significance of contemplating numbers so as to comprehend the world. A portion of his supporters made significant disclosures about the hypothesis of numbers and geometry, which were all credited to Pythagoras. In the fifth century BC, a portion of the extraordinary geometers were the atomist savant Democritus of Abdera, who found the right recipe for the volume of a pyramid, and Hippocrates of Chios, who found that the regions of bow formed figures limited by bends of circles are equivalent to zones of specific triangles. This disclosure is identified with the popular issue of figuring out the circle-that is, building a square equivalent in territory to a given circle. Two different popular scientific issues that began during the century were those of trisecting a point and multiplying a 3D square that is, building a 3D shape the volume of which is twofold that of a given 3D square. These issues were tackled, and in an assortment of ways, all including the utilization of instruments more convoluted than a straightedge and a geometrical compass. Not until the nineteenth century, in any case, was it indicated that the three issues referenced above would never have been comprehended utilizing those instruments alone. In the last piece of the fifth century BC, an obscure mathematician found that no unit of length would gauge both the side and corner to corner of a square. That is, the two lengths are incommensurable. This implies no checking numbers n and m exist whose proportion communicates the relationship of the side to the corner to corner. Since the Greeks considered just the tallying numbers (1, 2, 3, etc) as numbers, they had no numerical method to communicate this proportion of inclining to side. (This proportion, ?, would today be called nonsensical.) As an outcome the Pythagorean hypothesis of proportion, in light of numbers, must be deserted and another, nonnumerical hypothesis presented. This was finished by the fourth century BC mathematician Eudoxus of Cnidus, whose arrangement might be found in the Elements of Euclid. Eudoxus likewise found a technique for thoroughly demonstrating explanations about territories and volumes by progressive approximations. Euclid was a mathematician and instructor who worked at the acclaimed Museum of Alexandria and who likewise composed on optics, space science, and music. The 13 books that make up his Elements contain a great part of the essential scientific information found up to the finish of the fourth century BC on the geometry of polygons and the circle, the hypothesis of numbers, the hypothesis of incommensurables, strong geometry, and the basic hypothesis of territories and volumes. The century that followed Euclid was set apart by numerical splendor, as showed underway of Archimedes of Syracuse and a more youthful contemporary, Apollonius of Perga. Archimedes utilized a strategy for disclosure, in light of hypothetically weighing vastly slim cuts of figures, to discover the zones and volumes of figures emerging from the conic segments. These conic segments had been found by a student of Eudoxus named Menaechmus, and they were the subject of a treatise by Euclid, yet Archimedes compositions on them are the soonest to endure. Archimedes likewise explored focuses of gravity and the soundness of different solids gliding in water. A lot of his work is a piece of the convention that drove, in the seventeenth century, to the revelation of the analytics. Archimedes was slaughtered by a Roman warrior during the sack of Syracuse. His more youthful contemporary, Apollonius, delivered an eight-book treatise on the conic segments that built up the names of the areas: oval, parabola, and hyperbola. It additionally gave the fundamental treatment of their geometry until the hour of the French thinker and researcher Ren? Descartes in the seventeenth century. After Euclid, Archimedes, and Apollonius, Greece created no geometers of similar height. The works of Hero of Alexandria in the first century AD show how components of both the Babylonian and Egyptian mensurational, number-crunching customs made due close by the sensible structures of the incredible geometers. Especially in a similar custom, however worried about considerably more troublesome issues, are the books of Diophantus of Alexandria in the third century AD. They manage discovering discerning answers for sorts of issues that lead promptly to conditions in a few questions. Such equatio

Writing For Transfer College Essay Examples - How to Avoid Major Errors

Writing For Transfer College Essay Examples - How to Avoid Major ErrorsIf you want to impress your English composition professor this semester, your best bet is to get as many transfer college essay samples as possible and start writing your papers. Don't worry, your instructor will be impressed, too, but your reputation will suffer if you don't put your best foot forward in class.English classes are notoriously difficult and most students do not understand that it takes time to develop a strong curriculum. Some students make the mistake of cramming for tests. They do this because they believe that the more they write the better they will do on the final exam.It is hard enough to write in high school experience. This does not mean that you should write like a high school student, either. It is always helpful to write like an adult. If you are unsure about what style to use, here are some tips.An intelligent person will have a question in mind when beginning a sentence. A way to answe r the question is to begin the sentence with an exclamation or other word indicating that the question has been answered. This shows your professor that you have thought about the question and have taken some steps to answer it.If you do not know the exact meaning of a word, then you should look up the definition online before reading a book or doing research in English. This will help you to understand what you are reading and make sure that you are not misusing a word.The second method of avoiding writer's mistakes is to think about the subject you are writing about and how to put it into words. For example, if you are writing a paper about something you saw at the circus, do not assume that you can write about the various tricks of the trade, such as juggling rings and waving a club around in the air.In the early stages of writing, remember that everything is vague. You need to use just a few key words that are clearly defined. Make sure that you only use the words that you need to describe the subject matter in the essay.These are some of the most important steps you can take to avoid the major mistakes most students make when writing their papers. And while we all want to succeed academically, not every single day can be spent studying, so it is good to consider other ways to show that you have taken your education seriously.

Should Intelligent Design Be Taught in Public Schools

Ever since Charles Darwins The Origin of Species was published in 1859, the theory of evolution by natural selection has been the dominant explanation for biodiversity. It fits the evidence better than any other theory and is overwhelmingly accepted by biologists. It is impossible to understand genetics, microbiology, zoology, or any number of other biology subspecialties without a solid background in evolutionary theory. The Problem of the Bible and Evolution But evolution also challenges religious beliefs. The Bible, which teaches that the visible universe was created by Gods command over a period of six days, contradicts evolutionary theory. This account, if interpreted literally, makes scientific literacy difficult. Plants, for example, are created before sunlight is created (Genesis 1:11-12; 1:16-18), which means that a literalistic biblical approach to science must challenge the idea of photosynthesis. Stars are created prior to the sun and moon (1:14-15, 1:16-18), which means that a literalistic biblical approach to science must challenge our working cosmological model. And of course, if God created all creatures by command (Genesis 1:20-27), land animals before sea animals, then evolution by natural selection and the story it tells becomes a controversial idea. While many people of faith have been able to reconcile the ideas of literal creation and evolution by natural selection, thinkers on both sides of the debate press the idea that this reconciliation is impossible. Secular philosopher Daniel Dennett, author of Darwins Dangerous Idea, has argued that evolution by natural selection renders God superfluous. He told Der Spiegel  in 2005: The argument for design, I think, has always been the best argument for the existence of God, and when Darwin comes along, he pulls the rug out from under that. Oxford biologist Richard Dawkins often described (lovingly or derisively) as the atheist pope for his objection to religion, once remarked that  around the age of 16, I first understood that Darwinism provides an explanation big enough and elegant enough to replace gods. I have been an atheist ever since. Religious fundamentalists, who also have their objections to metaphorical interpretations of the Book of Genesis, tend to agree that evolutionary theory is a direct threat to the idea of God. Evolution and Intelligent Design Controversy So its little surprise that controversy has long existed over the teaching of evolution by natural selection in public schools. Fundamentalists initially attempted to ban it, allowing only the biblical account of creation to be taught, but the Scopes monkey trial of 1925 made such bans appear ridiculous. Then in Edwards v. Aguillard (1987), the U.S. Supreme Court held that creationism is a religious doctrine and cant be taught in public school biology classes at all. Within two years, supporters of creationism coined the term intelligent design as a means of asserting the creationist doctrine outside of the context of religion—asserting that everything was created, but not asserting who it was that did the creating. It could have been God, or it could have been another immensely ancient and powerful creator. More than twenty years later, were still more or less there. A smattering of state laws and school board initiatives during the late 1990s and early 2000s attempted to replace the theory of evolution by natural selection with the doctrine of intelligent design in public school biology curricula, or at least to mandate that the two theories be taught side-by-side as equal, but most have lost favor either through public response or local court rulings. Proponents of intelligent design argue that the theory of evolution by natural selection is itself a religious assertion that denies the doctrine of God as creator. Its hard to say the theory doesnt at least challenge the biblical doctrine of God as creator, in much the same way that astronomical theories of star formation and so forth do, and this does pose a legitimate First Amendment problem: How should public schools teach scientific topics that challenge core religious beliefs? And are they under an obligation to accommodate these beliefs by teaching more religiously inclusive alternative theories? The answer to this question depends on how you interpret the First Amendments establishment clause. If you believe that it mandates a wall of separation between church and state, then the government cannot base its public school biology curriculum on religious considerations. If you believe that it does not and that some general non-preferential accommodation of religious doctrine is consistent with the establishment clause, then teaching intelligent design as an alternate approach to biology would be legitimate, as long as evolutionary theory is also taught.As a practical consideration, intelligent design should not be taught in public school biology classes. It could, however, be taught in churches. Pastors, particularly youth pastors, have an obligation to become scientifically literate and be prepared, in the words of 1 Peter 3:15, to provide reason for the hope within. Intelligent design is an evangelism imperative because a pastor who is not scientifically literate cannot adequ ately address contemporary challenges to religious faith. That job should not be outsourced to the public school system; as a theological accommodation, intelligent design has no place in a non-sectarian biology curriculum.

How Psychology Has Changed Human Behavior - 1724 Words

Drawing on examples from across the module, evaluate the extent to which psychology has explained how people understand each other. People understand each other using cognitive skills, an example of this is mindreading. Mindreading abilities also referred to as the theory of mind (ToM) is the aptitude to comprehend that other people have mental states, such as understanding that other people have feelings, desires, motives, beliefs and intentions (Hewson, 2015a). This is generally an essential, undemanding skill for social interaction. Thereby, this essay will evaluate how psychology has helped to explain how people understand each other by firstly, explaining how an aspect of mindreading such as false belief has been studied using the†¦show more content†¦An aspect of Theory of mind (ToM) is false belief. False belief is the understanding that other people will have different beliefs to one’s own. Studies have shown that false belief develops throughout childhood. One of the most influential studies into discovering how false belief progresses is the Sally-Anne task. Briefly, the experimenter sho ws a child two puppets, Sally and Anne. Sally places a marble into a basket and leaves the room. Anne takes the marble and places it into a box. The child would be asked ‘Where will Sally look for her marble?’ If the child understands false belief they will answer, ‘where she left it in the basket’ showing understanding of another’s (Sally) false belief. This simple but effective task allows the researcher to get an appreciation of how individual’s false belief develops. Children tend to give the correct answer at approximately four to five years of age (Hewson, 2015b). This has led psychologist to examine further to find out why children under the age of four or five fails. Further research has compared the results of the false belief task with executive functioning skills. Executive functioning is the capability to allow people to manage their thoughts and actions. One such test that psychologists have used to measure executive functioning i s the bear-dragon task (Carlson and Moses, 2001, cited in Hewson, 2015). Using two puppets the child has to ignore one and copy the instructions (for example, pat your head) of the

Biochemical Techniques for the Extraction of Escherichia...

Modern biochemical study and analysis of nucleic acids have been heavily dominated by electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction techniques, as the former allows for relatively inexpensive and accessible resolution and visualization of nucleic acids according to basic chemical properties such as molecular charge and weight, and the latter quickly increases the concentration of nucleic acids, normally found in cells in minute amounts, to a level easily analyzed by modern biochemical techniques. These two techniques are therefore currently indispensable in dealing with nucleic acids on a practical level, and are tools which should be present in every biologist’s kit. This study therefore attempts to elucidate the theoretical and†¦show more content†¦While ample plant and animal samples can be easily obtained, for bacterial samples such as E. coli, they must be propagated first in culture in order to obtain the necessary amount of cells needed for the DNA extraction p rocess. The extraction and purification of genomic DNA is essential as purified DNA serves as the starting point for the amplification of a gene within the DNA via the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). First and foremost, cell lysis or cell disruption must be done to release the cell contents to expose the DNA within the organism, detergents, basic or high salt solutions will then be used for DNA purification by dissociating other biomolecules such as proteins and lipids. DNA will finally be isolated through the use of organic reagents and centrifugation to facilitate collection of the precipitated DNA. Prior to the experiment, materials to be used were sterilized to prevent contamination, which may later on affect the results as contaminants may react with the solutions to be used for the later procedures or even damage the DNA samples. Autoclaving or the use of pressurized steam was utilized to sterilize the materials as exposure to high temperatures normally causes damage to cytoplasmic membranes, breakdown of ribosomes, irreversible enzyme denaturation and DNA strand breakage of bacterial contaminants. Due to the ability of nucleic acids to store genetic information which will later on encode for necessary proteins, it is important to extractShow MoreRelatedA summary analysis of the article â€Å"Microarray detection of food-borne pathogens using specific probes prepared by comparative genomics.†1531 Words   |  7 Pagesthe most common food-borne pathogens that maybe seen in the United States are Norvovirus (58%), Clostridium perfringens (10%), Salmonella (11%), Campylobacter spp. (9%), and Staphylococcus aureus (3%). Among the other 9% (not published) include Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella spp., Bacillus spp., and other opportunistic pathogens (Prasad Vidyarthi, 2009). Therefore, accurate and timely detection and identification of food-borne pathogens is crucial for the prevention of food-borne epidemics and

Payne v. Tennessee free essay sample

Facts: After spending a morning and afternoon drinking beer and injecting cocaine, Pervis Tyrone Payne entered the apartment of 28-year-old Charisse Christopher and her two children, Lacie, age two and Nicholas, age three at approximately 3:00 p.m. on June 27th, 1987. Payne made sexual advances toward Charisse Christopher. She resisted, which lead Payne to kill both Charisse and Lacie. Nicholas was found with several severe stab wounds that completely penetrated him front to back, but he managed to survive. Payne was apprehended later that day hiding in the attic of a former girlfriend’s house. Payne was convicted by a jury of two counts of murder. At sentencing, Payne presented the testimony of his mother, father, Bobbie Thomas and a clinical psychologist. These testimonies’ showed Payne was of good character, he attended church and he was of low intelligence and mentally handicapped. The State presented the testimony of Ms. Christopher’s mother, who spoke of the negative impact of the murders on Nicholas. We will write a custom essay sample on Payne v. Tennessee or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Furthermore, the prosecutor presented argument regarding Nicholas’ experience. The jury sentenced the Payne to death on each count of murder. History: Pervis Tyrone Payne was arrested and charged with two counts of first-degree murder, the jury sentenced Payne to death on each count of murder. Issue: Does the Eighth Amendment prohibit a capital sentencing jury from considering â€Å"victim impact† evidence relating to the personal characteristics of the victim and the emotional impact of the crimes on the victim’s family? Finding: No. Victim impact evidence shall not be considered according to the United States Supreme Court. This rule was because victim impact evidence presents factors about which the defendant may have been unaware of and therefore, the evidence has nothing to do with the â€Å"blameworthiness† of a particular defendant. So basically, no evidence outside the case and not relating directly to the circumstances of the crime was admitted. In the present case, however, the Supreme Court expressed the view that â€Å"a State may properly conclude that for the jury to assess meaningfully the defendant’s moral culpability and blameworthiness, it should have before it at the sentencing phase evidence of the specific harm caused by the defendant.† So, a State may permit the admission of victim  impact evidence, as the Eighth Amendment presents no per se bar. The Supreme Court of Tennessee affirmed the conviction and sentence. The court rejected Payne’s contention that the admission of the grandmother’s testimony and the State’s closing argument constituted prejudicial violations of his rights under the Eighth Amendment as applied in Booth v. Maryland, 482 U.S. 496 (1987), and South Carolina v. Gathers, 490 U.S. 805 (1989). Rational: The court stated â€Å"Stare decisis is not an inexorable command; rather, ‘it is a principle of policy and not a mechanical formula of adherence to the latest decision.’† So basically, not all laws are set completely in stone and it can change over time from case to case. The court states that neither the law nor the facts supporting the prior cases have changed, merely the personnel of the Supreme Court have changed. My Notes: A few things I noticed was I unclear how Payne could argue that introducing such evidence as the grandmother testimony encourages jurors to decide for the death penalty based on emotions rather than reason. But, having his parents testify that he was of good character as plays on emotion, rather than reason. To me, only after introducing victim impact evidence can the juries meaningfully determine the proper punishment. After all the whole reason for this is to protect the victim right?